Language skills in the CV
CEFR levels, certificates and best practices for 2025
Table of contents
CEFR reference framework, suitable certificates, CV integration and common mistakes — how to document language skills in an internationally comparable way.
6
CEFR levels
From A1 (beginner) to C2 (near-native)
+25%
More interview invitations
CVs with validated language skills perform measurably better
2 Jahre
2 years
Validity of many tests
CEFR – the European reference framework
The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) makes language skills internationally comparable. Employers and universities expect classification on this six-level scale because it is more objective than terms like 'fluent' or 'business proficient'.
You should support self-assessment with real examples of use or certificates — especially for core languages relevant to the position you are applying for.
Classify language levels correctly
A1
Basic vocabulary and very simple sentences
- Introducing yourself
- Simple questions
A2
Handle routine situations
- Shopping
- Directions
B1
Understand and discuss familiar topics
- Work & school
- Leisure
B2
Comprehend more complex content and respond spontaneously
- Discussions
- Presentations
C1
Communicate fluently, precisely, and with nuance
- Academic texts
- Negotiations
C2
Practically native-like level
- Complex nuances
- Linguistic precision
Certificates & credentials
English
TOEFL, IELTS, Cambridge, TOEIC
- Internationally recognized
- Validity usually 2 years (Cambridge unlimited)
- Choose according to the target region
German
TestDaF, DSH, Goethe, telc
- University admission & professional use
- Internationally recognized
- Register early
French
DELF/DALF, TCF, TEF
- Relevant for France & Canada
- Sometimes valid for only 2 years
Spanish
DELE, SIELE
- Instituto Cervantes
- SIELE digital: result in three weeks
Best practices for the CV
Structure
- Separate section 'Languages'
- Sort by relevance
- Mother tongue first
- CEFR level in parentheses
Format
- Language – level (Certificate, year)
- Example: English C1 (IELTS 7.5, 2023)
- Consistent formatting
- Document updates
Additional info
- Mention stays abroad
- Describe professional use
- List further training
- Special skills (interpreting, technical language)
Avoid common mistakes
Overestimating ability
Claiming too high a level without proof
- Assess honestly and conservatively
- Example: ❌ Business fluent → ✅ B2 (Cambridge FCE)
Outdated entries
High school level from 2010
- Update regularly
- Example: ❌ C1 (2010) → ✅ B1 (refresher ongoing)
Vague terms
'Fluent' without CEFR
- Always state A1–C2
- Example: ❌ Spanish: good → ✅ Spanish: B2
No certificates
High levels without evidence
- Plan tests or explain usage
- Example: ❌ Chinese C1 → ✅ B2 (HSK5, 2022)
Present language skills professionally
The CV editor helps you with CEFR-compliant phrasing and the right certificate setup.